Phoenixin-14 amide

All PNX-14-treated groups exhibited a reduction in weight gain compared to PCOS (23 ± 2.1%, 21 ± 1.8%, and 20 ± 1.6%, respectively), with statistically significant differences observed in the 5 nmol group (P < 0.05).

All PNX-14-treated groups exhibited a reduction in weight gain compared to PCOS (23 ± 2.1%, 21 ± 1.8%, and 20 ± 1.6%, respectively), with statistically significant differences observed in the 5 nmol group (P < 0.05).

All PNX-14-treated groups exhibited a reduction in weight gain compared to PCOS (23 ± 2.1%, 21 ± 1.8%, and 20 ± 1.6%, respectively), with statistically significant differences observed in the 5 nmol group (P < 0.05).

Table 1: FSH (IU/L) PNX 2.5 group 7.54 ± 0.83. Text: While FSH levels showed a trend toward recovery in PNX-14-treated groups (ranging from 7.54 ± 0.83 to 9.24 ± 0.72 IU/L), these increases were not statistically significant.

Table 1: FSH (IU/L) PNX 5 group 7.93 ± 0.83. Text: While FSH levels showed a trend toward recovery in PNX-14-treated groups (ranging from 7.54 ± 0.83 to 9.24 ± 0.72 IU/L), these increases were not statistically significant.

Table 1: FSH (IU/L) PNX 30 group 9.24 ± 0.72. Text: While FSH levels showed a trend toward recovery in PNX-14-treated groups (ranging from 7.54 ± 0.83 to 9.24 ± 0.72 IU/L), these increases were not statistically significant.

Table 1: LH (mIU/mL) PNX 2.5 group 6.07 ± 1.07. Text: PNX-14 administration did not significantly alter LH levels in any dose group (P > 0.05).

Table 1: LH (mIU/mL) PNX 5 group 5.11 ± 0.83. Text: PNX-14 administration did not significantly alter LH levels in any dose group (P > 0.05).

Table 1: LH (mIU/mL) PNX 30 group 6.42 ± 0.71. Text: PNX-14 administration did not significantly alter LH levels in any dose group (P > 0.05).

Table 1: Testosterone (pg/mL) PNX 2.5 group 408.2 ± 49.25. Text: Serum testosterone concentrations were moderately elevated in the PCOS (402.1 ± 23.33 pg/mL) and PNX 2.5 nmol (408.2 ± 49.25 pg/mL) groups compared to the control group (353.5 ± 20.36 pg/mL), but these differences were not statistically significant.

Table 1: Testosterone (pg/mL) PNX 5 group 336.4 ± 38.15. Text: Testosterone levels declined at higher PNX doses (336.4 ± 38.15 and 345.4 ± 16.85 pg/mL for PNX 5 and 30 nmol, respectively), yet remained within the variability of the control group.

Table 1: Testosterone (pg/mL) PNX 30 group 345.4 ± 16.85. Text: Testosterone levels declined at higher PNX doses (336.4 ± 38.15 and 345.4 ± 16.85 pg/mL for PNX 5 and 30 nmol, respectively), yet remained within the variability of the control group.

Table 1: Progesterone (ng/mL) PNX 2.5 group 23.85 ± 1.8. Text: treatment with PNX-14 at all doses (23.85–25.57 ng/mL) failed to significantly restore progesterone levels, and values remained similar to those in the PCOS group.

Table 1: Progesterone (ng/mL) PNX 5 group 25.57 ± 0.68. Text: treatment with PNX-14 at all doses (23.85–25.57 ng/mL) failed to significantly restore progesterone levels, and values remained similar to those in the PCOS group.

Table 1: Progesterone (ng/mL) PNX 30 group 24.51 ± 0.84. Text: treatment with PNX-14 at all doses (23.85–25.57 ng/mL) failed to significantly restore progesterone levels, and values remained similar to those in the PCOS group.

Table 1: Estradiol (ng/L) PNX 2.5 group 54.58 ± 5.85. Text: While the lowest level was observed in the PNX 2.5 nmol group (54.58 ± 5.85 ng/L), higher PNX-14 doses (PNX 5: 74.67 ± 7.62; PNX 30: 71.43 ± 5.59 ng/L) did not significantly differ from the PCOS group, indicating no robust estradiol recovery with treatment.

Table 1: Estradiol (ng/L) PNX 5 group 74.67 ± 7.62. Text: higher PNX-14 doses (PNX 5: 74.67 ± 7.62; PNX 30: 71.43 ± 5.59 ng/L) did not significantly differ from the PCOS group, indicating no robust estradiol recovery with treatment.

Table 1: Estradiol (ng/L) PNX 30 group 71.43 ± 5.59. Text: higher PNX-14 doses (PNX 5: 74.67 ± 7.62; PNX 30: 71.43 ± 5.59 ng/L) did not significantly differ from the PCOS group, indicating no robust estradiol recovery with treatment.

PNX-14 treatment at 2.5 nmol significantly improved primordial follicle numbers (24.2 ± 2.8%; P < 0.05 vs PCOS), whereas higher doses showed no further improvement (Fig. 3A).

Treatment with PNX-14 at 2.5 nmol increased this count to 9.8 ± 1.0% (P < 0.05 vs PCOS), with no significant changes observed at higher doses (Fig. 3D).

Multilaminar-primary follicle counts were significantly elevated in PNX 5 (16.8 ± 1.9%) and PNX 30 (14.7 ± 2.2%) groups compared to both PCOS (9.4 ± 1.4%) and control groups (8.6 ± 1.1%) (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), suggesting stimulation of early follicular recruitment (Fig. 3C).

Multilaminar-primary follicle counts were significantly elevated in PNX 5 (16.8 ± 1.9%) and PNX 30 (14.7 ± 2.2%) groups compared to both PCOS (9.4 ± 1.4%) and control groups (8.6 ± 1.1%) (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), suggesting stimulation of early follicular recruitment (Fig. 3C).

Treatment with PNX-14 at 2.5 nmol significantly reduced atresia (7.0 ± 1.1; P < 0.01), with similar improvements at 5 and 30 nmol (Fig. 3H).

While the PNX-14 (2.5 nmol) group showed a mild increase (0.73 ± 0.05-fold), the PNX-14 (5 nmol) group demonstrated a moderate restoration of PCNA levels (0.91 ± 0.07-fold). In contrast, the PNX-14 (30 nmol) group displayed lower PCNA expression (0.65 ± 0.08-fold).

While the PNX-14 (2.5 nmol) group showed a mild increase (0.73 ± 0.05-fold), the PNX-14 (5 nmol) group demonstrated a moderate restoration of PCNA levels (0.91 ± 0.07-fold). In contrast, the PNX-14 (30 nmol) group displayed lower PCNA expression (0.65 ± 0.08-fold).

While the PNX-14 (2.5 nmol) group showed a mild increase (0.73 ± 0.05-fold), the PNX-14 (5 nmol) group demonstrated a moderate restoration of PCNA levels (0.91 ± 0.07-fold). In contrast, the PNX-14 (30 nmol) group displayed lower PCNA expression (0.65 ± 0.08-fold).