MAVP

The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is defined as the concentration that reduced cell growth by 50%, which was calculated to be 31.92 μM (Fig. S4).

both GelMA MPs and GelMAMAVP MPs constructs maintained cell viability exceeding 95%, confirming that neither the carrier system nor the anti-VEGFR2 peptide components exhibited significant cytotoxicity (Fig. 1D).

10 μM MAVP showed no significant reduction in cell number... 30 μM MAVP exhibited marked anti-proliferative effects, showing statistically distinct differences from both control and 100 μM MAVP treatments (p < 0.05), thereby demonstrating a concentration-dependent anti-proliferative response (Fig. 1E-F).

scratch wound healing assays (Fig. 1G) confirmed the inhibitory effects of MAVP on HUVEC migration, with dose-dependent reduction in wound closure rates (Fig. 1H).

Both MAVP and VAN treatment groups demonstrated significant attenuation of ROS production compared to vehicle (PBS) controls, with MAVP exhibiting superior efficacy in reducing both ROS+ cell population (Fig. 1J) and mean fluorescence intensity (Fig. 1K).

both MAVP and VAN treatments substantially attenuated calcium transients, while MAVP achieved the most pronounced pain signal suppression (Fig. 1L-N).

cytoskeleton staining revealed a significant inhibition of tube formation within the GelMAMAVP MPs regions (Fig. 2I). Furthermore, the number of HUVECs in the non-microsphere regions was also markedly reduced compared to control GelMA MPs (Fig. 2J).

GelMAMAVP MPs system significantly attenuated VEGFR2 activation... downstream genes of VEGFR2 in GelMAMAVP MPs group, including VEGFR2, Map3k5, and Map2k4, were significantly inhibited... MAVP can also inhibit the expression of neuroinflammatory gene, such as TNF-α (Fig. 2H).

in vitro assays demonstrated that MAVP exerted a stronger inhibitory effect than AVP, significantly suppressing both VEGFR2 phosphorylation (p-VEGFR2) and VEGFA expression in HUVECs (Fig. S11).

In vitro study further confirmed that MAVP significantly reduced the expression of the mechanosensitive pain-related receptor TRPA1 in the DRG neuronal cell line (Fig. S16).

in vitro q-PCR assays demonstrated that both MAVP and VP significantly suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines in pro-inflammatory HUVECs (Fig. S14).

Tube formation assay illustrated that robust HUVEC tube-like structure formation was observed in the Control group following VEGFA stimulation, this angiogenic response was significantly attenuated in the MAVP group (Fig. S13).

parallel assays using PC12 neural cells revealed no significant impairment of migration by MAVP treatment, demonstrating selective action on endothelial cells (Fig. S1).